Publications by year
In Press
Evans L, Ban NC, Davies TE (In Press). Social and ecological effectiveness of large marine protected areas. Global Environmental Change
2023
Buchan P, Evans L, Pieraccini M, Barr S (2023). Marine citizenship: the right to participate in the transformation of the human-ocean relationship for sustainability.
PLoS ONEAbstract:
Marine citizenship: the right to participate in the transformation of the human-ocean relationship for sustainability
Marine citizenship is a relatively new field of enquiry and research to date has focused on individual pro-environmental behaviour change as an expression of responsibility towards the ocean. The field is underpinned by knowledge-deficit and technocratic approaches to behaviour change such as awareness raising, ocean literacy, and environmental attitudes research. In this paper we develop an interdisciplinary and inclusive conceptualisation of marine citizenship. We use mixed methods to study the views and experiences of active marine citizens in the United Kingdom to broaden understandings of marine citizens’ characterisation of marine citizenship, and their perceptions of its importance in policy- and decision-making. Our study shows that marine citizenship entails more than individual pro-environmental behaviours, and includes public-facing and socially collective political actions. We contextualise the role of knowledge, finding more complexity than normative knowledge-deficit approaches permit. We illustrate the importance of a rights-based framing of marine citizenship which incorporates political and civic rights to participate in the transformation of the human-ocean relationship for sustainability. Recognising this more inclusive approach to marine citizenship, we propose an expanded definition to support further exploration of the multiple dimensions and complexities of marine citizenship and to enhance its benefits for marine policy and management.
Abstract.
Fortnam M, Chaigneau T, Evans L, Bastian L (2023). Practitioner approaches to trade‐off decision‐making in marine conservation development.
People and Nature,
5(5), 1636-1648.
Abstract:
Practitioner approaches to trade‐off decision‐making in marine conservation development
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that win‐wins are elusive and trade‐offs are the norm in marine conservation development practice. The status quo involves trade‐offs, and any change brought to ecosystems, economies and societies will alter the distribution of costs and benefits, creating other winners and losers among ecosystem services, sectors and people.
While studies are increasingly acknowledging the prevalence of trade‐offs, this article analyses how practitioners working for conservation development agencies consider, facilitate and make trade‐off decisions a priori and post hoc when designing and implementing marine conservation development programmes in Southeast Asia.
We find that these practitioners recognize both substantive trade‐offs, which are diverse social and ecological trade‐offs resulting from their programmes, and process trade‐offs, related to how they design programmes, including between their prioritization of different locations; between strategic relationships; and between the efficacy, equity and sustainability of projects.
Existing decision support tools only capture a limited range of substantive (mainly ecological) trade‐offs, however, and are not widely used. Typically, social trade‐offs are not systematically assessed. Instead, they are implicitly identified by participants and beneficiaries voicing their concerns during consultation processes.
Importantly, whether a trade‐off is then deemed acceptable is not determined through transparent assessment of trade‐offs and principles of equity or justice but by the uneven political power of stakeholders to project their values in decision‐making processes.
The article concludes that practitioners should facilitate inclusive, transparent and systematic identification and deliberation of the social acceptability of multidimensional trade‐offs, and formulate response options to avoid or minimize adverse consequences. Tackling trade‐offs in this way has the potential to make invisible trade‐offs visible and improve the sustainability and legitimacy of marine conservation development programmes while promoting the interests of the most marginalized in efforts to achieve the sustainable development goals.
Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Abstract.
Evans LS, Buchan PM, Fortnam M, Honig M, Heaps L (2023). Putting coastal communities at the center of a sustainable blue economy: a review of risks, opportunities, and strategies.
Frontiers in Political Science,
4Abstract:
Putting coastal communities at the center of a sustainable blue economy: a review of risks, opportunities, and strategies
New approaches to ocean governance for coastal communities are needed. With few exceptions, the status quo does not meet the diverse development aspirations of coastal communities or ensure healthy oceans for current and future generations. The blue economy is expected to grow to USD2.5–3 trillion by 2030, and there is particular interest in its potential to alleviate poverty in Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States, and to support a blue recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents a selective, thematic review of the blue economy literature to examine: (i) the opportunities and risks for coastal communities, (ii) the barriers and enablers that shape community engagement, and (iii) the strategies employed by communities and supporting organizations, which can be strengthened to deliver a ‘sustainable' blue economy and improve social justice for coastal communities. Our review finds that under business-as-usual and blue growth, industrial fisheries, large-scale aquaculture, land reclamation, mining, and oil and gas raise red flags for communities and marine ecosystems. Whereas, if managed sustainably, small-scale fisheries, coastal aquaculture, seaweed farming and eco-tourism are the most likely to deliver benefits to communities. Yet, these are also the sectors most vulnerable to negative and cumulative impacts from other sectors. Based on our evaluation of enablers, barriers and strategies, the paper argues that putting coastal communities at the center of a clear vision for an inclusive Sustainable Blue Economy and co-developing a shared and accessible language for communities, practitioners and policy-makers is essential for a more equitable ocean economy, alongside mainstreaming social justice principles and integrated governance that can bridge different scales of action and opportunity.
Abstract.
Gill DA, Blythe J, Bennett N, Evans L, Brown K, Turner RA, Baggio JA, Baker D, Ban NC, Brun V, et al (2023). Triple exposure: Reducing negative impacts of climate change, blue growth, and conservation on coastal communities.
One Earth,
6(2), 118-130.
Abstract:
Triple exposure: Reducing negative impacts of climate change, blue growth, and conservation on coastal communities
Coastal communities are on the frontlines of three accelerating global change drivers, climate change, blue growth, and the expansion of area-based conservation, leading to a “triple exposure” scenario. Despite efforts to maximize social benefits from climate, development, and conservation, externally driven processes can converge to amplify vulnerabilities and inequalities. Pre-existing social injustices increase the sensitivity of affected individuals to change and limit their capacity to adapt or benefit from the interacting impacts of triple exposure. We argue that external implementors cannot effectively and equitably achieve climate, economic, and conservation goals without prioritizing social justice and building general resilience. We therefore recommend that implementors: (1) address root causes of vulnerability, namely pre-existing social injustices; (2) use participatory systems approaches to improve understanding of local contexts and potential consequences of proposed initiatives; and (3) leverage inclusive partnerships to facilitate collaborative design and implementation. These strategies—applied together and adapted to local contexts—can support well-being, justice, and resilience within coastal communities experiencing rapid change.
Abstract.
2022
Madarcos K, Fortnam M, Gajardo L, Chaigneau T, Manucan RJ, Cadigal G, Matulac J, Creencia L, Gonzales B, Evans L, et al (2022). Doing marine spatial zoning in coastal marine tropics: Palawan's Environmental Critical Areas Network (ECAN).
Marine Policy,
145Abstract:
Doing marine spatial zoning in coastal marine tropics: Palawan's Environmental Critical Areas Network (ECAN)
Zoning is an important tool in marine spatial planning (MSP) for balancing the multi-uses of the marine environment. Whilst mainly developed conceptually and implemented in Europe and North America, marine zoning is becoming a popular tool for addressing diverse coastal marine issues in the tropics. However, we know little about how it is being implemented in practice in that context. In this study, we analysed the factors and strategies that enable and hinder the establishment of marine zoning in the low-income tropics through a case study of the 26-year history of the development of the Environmental Critical Areas Network (ECAN) in Palawan, Philippines. We employed two participatory methods: Innovation Histories to investigate how implementation barriers and opportunities change over time, and the Net-Map method to reveal the social relations and power distributions that enabled, blocked, and stalled its implementation. We found that MSP can be durable in these contexts when institutionalised in national law and adopted by local co-coordinative bodies, yet it remains an externally-driven agenda. Our study shows that the scaling up of zoning does not necessarily help resolve conflicts around marine and coastal space, and highlights the importance and influence of the political economy on MSP implementation and outcomes. We conclude that MSP's insensitivity to contextual power relations and politics raises concerns over social inclusivity, equity and justice. Moving forward, MSP implemented in the tropics needs to make conflicts, trade-offs and power distributions explicit at the outset through participatory decision-making that involves and empowers all stakeholders from the early stages of initiatives.
Abstract.
Fortnam M, Evans L, Amira Mas Ayu AM, Bastian L, Chaigneau T, Creencia L, Goh HC, Gonzales B, Madarcos K, Maharja C, et al (2022). Polycentricity in practice: Marine governance transitions in Southeast Asia.
Environmental Science and Policy,
137, 87-98.
Abstract:
Polycentricity in practice: Marine governance transitions in Southeast Asia
Environmental governance systems are expanding in size and complexity as they become more integrated and ecosystem-based. In doing so, governance transitions often involve more actors and knowingly or unknowingly alter the autonomy of actors to make decisions, and thereby the ability of the governance system to self-organise. In other words, these governance systems are becoming increasingly polycentric, moving towards an institutional structure that is reported to confer a number of benefits to social-ecological systems. This article adds to a growing body of evidence on polycentric environmental governance in practice. It adds nuance to the normative and apolitical portrayals of governance transitions in general, and transitions towards more polycentric forms of governance in particular. We analyse the relations amongst actors and historical development of four large-scale marine governance systems in Southeast Asia to understand how context, particularly power, shapes the emergence and evolution of polycentric marine governance in practice. Our data indicate that transitions towards increased polycentricity do increase diversity and autonomy of decision-making centres, which can enable more innovation or flexibility to respond to changing circumstances. However, these innovations do not always underpin sustainability and equity. Coordination mechanisms are critical for channelling the power dynamics that emerge among diverse actors towards sustainability. Yet, in these emergent, ad hoc polycentric governance arrangements such mechanisms remained nascent, ineffective, or inactive. The transaction costs involved in co-ordinating a semi-autonomous polycentric system are seemingly difficult to overcome in low- to middle-income contexts and need investment in resources and accountability mechanisms.
Abstract.
Stefancu O (2022). Wellbeing and Justice dimensions of Planned Relocation under Climate Change for Socially Marginalised Communities.
Abstract:
Wellbeing and Justice dimensions of Planned Relocation under Climate Change for Socially Marginalised Communities
This thesis examines the impact of government action and inaction in the context of climate change adaptation on people’s wellbeing and perceptions of fairness. Whilst it acknowledges the spectrum of government action and inaction for comparative purposes, the central focus of this thesis is on planned relocation. The thesis addresses three well-identified knowledge gaps.
First, evaluations of planned relocation commonly focus on the risks and benefits of government intervention, often overlooking the consequences of not intervening. This study, therefore, accounts for uneven government action and inaction, looking across the range of outcomes by developing a categorisation of Planned Relocation, Adaptation In-Situ, and Lack of Adaptation. Second, planned relocation has traditionally been evaluated in terms of impacts on people’s income and livelihoods, human rights, or place attachments. This study presents a distinctive analysis of government action and inaction by assessing affected individuals’ wellbeing and perceptions of fairness. Wellbeing, as used here, is multidimensional, encompassing material, subjective, and relational dimensions. Perceptions of fairness, as used, here account for distributive and procedural dimensions. Third, there is limited evidence on how perceptions of fairness of outcomes and decision-making processes affect an individual’s sense of wellbeing. This study, therefore, investigates the relationships between distributive and procedural aspects of fairness and subjective wellbeing. Overall, this study contributes to the fields of environmental justice and climate change adaptation by shedding light on the complex impacts of government action and inaction on wellbeing and perceptions of fairness among socially marginalised communities.
This study examines government action and inaction in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in India. It focuses on localities on Sagar Island that are facing coastal erosion and flooding and where local populations recognise the need for government intervention but where there have been uneven government responses. A combination of inductive and deductive approaches is used to identify theoretically valid yet locally relevant aspects of wellbeing and fairness. Data are derived from mixed methods, used both for the purpose of development and expansion. The data includes narrative interviews (n=14) that aim to identify valued aspects of wellbeing and fairness, as well as surveys (n=222) and semi-structured interviews (n=14) that aim to measure the wellbeing and perceptions of fairness in Relocated, Adapted In-Situ, and Non-Adapted sub-populations.
The results reveal that, on average, most Relocated respondents own agricultural land, which is a key factor in evaluations of material wellbeing among the three unevenly adapted sub-populations that traditionally relied on subsistence agriculture. Livelihoods reconstruction and diversification are central to self-assessments of material and subjective wellbeing, and perceptions of distributive fairness. Relocated respondents report the highest levels of subjective wellbeing across most life satisfaction dimensions and dual social attachments to the original and new settlement. The Relocated, Adapted In-Situ, and Non-Adapted respondents form their perceptions of fairness in relation to the distribution of beneficial and adverse outcomes, employing the criteria of equity, equality, and need inconsistently. Perceptions of procedural fairness vary, but overall expectations of government action are low. Perceptions of fairness have not been found to influence respondents’ subjective wellbeing.
This study resonates with previous studies on planned relocation that place the issue of livelihoods as a key factor for successful adaptation. It demonstrates that when planned relocation improves material circumstances, the outcomes of the intervention are accepted and perceived as legitimate. Outcome satisfaction is the main criterion influencing the formation of perceptions of fairness. Pessimistic expectations of government intent and capacity combined with greater-than-expected government action are found to positively influence perceptions of fairness even in the absence of a participatory approach. This finding is distinctive from many studies that place participatory decision-making processes as central to the formation of perceptions of fairness. Considering the growing demand for planned relocation in response to climate change, these findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of marginalised communities’ expectations of adaptation.
Abstract.
2021
Rees SE, Ashley M, Evans L, Mangi S, Sheehan EV, Mullier T, Rees A, Attrill MJ (2021). An evaluation of the social and economic impact of a Marine Protected Area on commercial fisheries.
Fisheries Research,
235Abstract:
An evaluation of the social and economic impact of a Marine Protected Area on commercial fisheries
This study is an insight into the spatial use and economic performance of a fishery and linked fisher wellbeing across economic, social and health domains over a 12-year timescale pre- and post-Marine Protected Area (MPA) designation. Since the MPA designation, there has been an increase in vessels using static gear inside and outside the MPA, with a significant positive trend for vessels using static gear inside the MPA. Over time, static gear landings have decreased by 110 kg per vessel per month, although there has been a significant positive trend over time in value (landings of £1,452 per vessel per month), linked to catches of high value species such as lobster, which are associated with the reef ecosystem. Fishing activity providing high volume (weight) and value landings from vessels using mobile demersal gears within the MPA ceased in July 2008. Mobile demersal gear fishing effort has since increased significantly outside the MPA. The value of mobile demersal gear landings in 2017 are comparable to fishing activity prior to the MPA designation, but has not reached the peak landings values of 2008 when the MPA was designated. Fishers predominantly using mobile demersal gear report lower subjective wellbeing and material losses. Static gear fishers report higher levels of subjective wellbeing over time compared to their mobile demersal gear counterparts. Positive subjective wellbeing is pronounced when the fishers are involved with an independent working group. Sustainability across ecological, social and economic systems requires an integrated rather than sequential approach to fisheries management and marine conservation.
Abstract.
2020
Hattam C, Evans L, Morrissey K, Hooper T, Young K, Khalid F, Bryant M, Thani A, Slade L, Perry C, et al (2020). Building resilience in practice to support coral communities in the Western Indian Ocean. Environmental Science & Policy, 106, 182-190.
Cox M, Villamayor-Tomas S, Ban NC, Epstein G, Evans L, Fleischman F, Nenadovic M, Garcia Lopez GA, van Laerhoven F, Meek C, et al (2020). From concepts to comparisons: a resource for diagnosis and measurement in social-ecological systems.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY,
107, 211-216.
Author URL.
2019
Brown K, Adger WN, Devine-Wright P, Anderies JM, Barr S, Bousquet F, Butler C, Evans L, Marshall N, Quinn T, et al (2019). Empathy, place and identity interactions for sustainability.
Global Environmental Change,
56, 11-17.
Abstract:
Empathy, place and identity interactions for sustainability
Sustainability science recognises the need to fully incorporate cultural and emotional dimensions of environmental change to understand how societies deal with and shape anticipated transformations, unforeseen risks and increasing uncertainties. The relationship between empathy and sustainability represents a key advance in understanding underpinning human-environment relations. We assert that lack of empathy for nature and for others limits motivations to conserve the environment and enhance sustainability. Critically, the relationship between empathy and sustainability is mediated by place and identity that constrain and shape empathy's role in pro-environmental sustainability behaviour. We review emerging evidence across disciplines and suggest a new model exploring interactions between place, identity and empathy for sustainability. There are emerging innovative methodological approaches to observe, measure and potentially stimulate empathy for sustainability.
Abstract.
Cohen PJ, Allison EH, Andrew NL, Cinner J, Evans LS, Fabinyi M, Garces LR, Hall SJ, Hicks CC, Hughes TP, et al (2019). Securing a just space for small-scale fisheries in the blue economy.
Frontiers in Marine Science,
6(MAR).
Abstract:
Securing a just space for small-scale fisheries in the blue economy
The vast developmental opportunities offered by the world's coasts and oceans have attracted the attention of governments, private enterprises, philanthropic organizations, and international conservation organizations. High-profile dialogue and policy decisions on the future of the ocean are informed largely by economic and ecological research. Key insights from the social sciences raise concerns for food and nutrition security, livelihoods and social justice, but these have yet to gain traction with investors and the policy discourse on transforming ocean governance. The largest group of ocean-users - women and men who service, fish and trade from small-scale fisheries (SSF) - argue that they have been marginalized from the dialogue between international environmental and economic actors that is determining strategies for the future of the ocean. Blue Economy or Blue Growth initiatives see the ocean as the new economic frontier and imply an alignment with social objectives and SSF concerns. Deeper analysis reveals fundamental differences in ideologies, priorities and approaches. We argue that SSF are being subtly and overtly squeezed for geographic, political and economic space by larger scale economic and environmental conservation interests, jeopardizing the substantial benefits SSF provide through the livelihoods of millions of women and men, for the food security of around four billion consumers globally, and in the developing world, as a key source of micro-nutrients and protein for over a billion low-income consumers. Here, we bring insights from social science and SSF to explore how ocean governance might better account for social dimensions of fisheries.
Abstract.
Morrison TH, Adger WN, Brown K, Lemos MC, Huitema D, Phelps J, Evans L, Cohen P, Song AM, Turner R, et al (2019). The black box of power in polycentric environmental governance.
Global Environmental Change,
57Abstract:
The black box of power in polycentric environmental governance
Failure to address unsustainable global change is often attributed to failures in conventional environmental governance. Polycentric environmental governance—the popular alternative—involves many centres of authority interacting coherently for a common governance goal. Yet, longitudinal analysis reveals many polycentric systems are struggling to cope with the growing impacts, pace, and scope of social and environmental change. Analytic shortcomings are also beginning to appear, particularly in the treatment of power. Here we draw together diverse social science perspectives and research into a variety of cases to show how different types of power shape rule setting, issue construction, and policy implementation in polycentric governance. We delineate an important and emerging research agenda for polycentric environmental governance, integrating diverse types of power into analytical and practical models.
Abstract.
2018
Davies TE, Epstein G, Aguilera SE, Brooks CM, Cox M, Evans LS, Maxwell SM, Nenadovic M, Ban NC (2018). Assessing trade-offs in large marine protected areas.
PLoS One,
13(4).
Abstract:
Assessing trade-offs in large marine protected areas.
Large marine protected areas (LMPAs) are increasingly being established and have a high profile in marine conservation. LMPAs are expected to achieve multiple objectives, and because of their size are postulated to avoid trade-offs that are common in smaller MPAs. However, evaluations across multiple outcomes are lacking. We used a systematic approach to code several social and ecological outcomes of 12 LMPAs. We found evidence of three types of trade-offs: trade-offs between different ecological resources (supply trade-offs); trade-offs between ecological resource conditions and the well-being of resource users (supply-demand trade-offs); and trade-offs between the well-being outcomes of different resource users (demand trade-offs). We also found several divergent outcomes that were attributed to influences beyond the scope of the LMPA. We suggest that despite their size, trade-offs can develop in LMPAs and should be considered in planning and design. LMPAs may improve their performance across multiple social and ecological objectives if integrated with larger-scale conservation efforts.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Evans LS, Cohen PJ, Vave-Karamui A, Masu R, Boso D, Mauli S (2018). Reconciling Multiple Societal Objectives in Cross-Scale Marine Governance: Solomon Islands’ Engagement in the Coral Triangle Initiative.
Society and Natural Resources,
31(1), 121-135.
Abstract:
Reconciling Multiple Societal Objectives in Cross-Scale Marine Governance: Solomon Islands’ Engagement in the Coral Triangle Initiative
Environmental governance aims to reconcile an expanding set of societal objectives at ever-larger scales despite the challenges that remain in integrating conservation and development at smaller scales. We interrogate Solomon Islands’ engagement in the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security to contribute new insight on the scalar politics of multi-level marine governance. We show how regional objectives are re-interpreted and prioritized as they translate into national policy and practice. Our data suggest that enhanced coordination of finances and activities, integration of objectives in shared protocols and priority geographies, and a subtle shift in power relations between the state, donors, and implementation partners have resulted from processes of re-scaling. We discuss important procedural adjustments in cross-level and cross-scale governance across jurisdictional, institutional, and sectoral scales. We also reflect on the changing role of national governments in shifts toward large-scale, multi-national initiatives.
Abstract.
Blythe J, Silver J, Evans L, Armitage D, Bennett NJ, Moore M-L, Morrison TH, Brown K (2018). The Dark Side of Transformation: Latent Risks in Contemporary Sustainability Discourse.
ANTIPODE,
50(5), 1206-1223.
Author URL.
2017
Pratchett MS, Cameron DS, Donelson J, Evans L, Frisch AJ, Hobday AJ, Hoey AS, Marshall NA, Messmer V, Munday PL, et al (2017). Effects of climate change on coral grouper (Plectropomus spp.) and possible adaptation options.
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,
27(2), 297-316.
Abstract:
Effects of climate change on coral grouper (Plectropomus spp.) and possible adaptation options
Global climate change is increasingly considered one of the major threats to tropical coastal fisheries, potentially undermining important revenue and food security provided by coral reef ecosystems. While there has been significant and increasing work on understanding specific effects of climate change on coral reef fishes, few studies have considered large-bodied fisheries target species, limiting understanding of the effects of climate change on tropical fisheries. This review focuses on coral grouper (Plectropomus spp. and mainly Plectropomus leopardus), which are heavily fished throughout the Indian and Pacific oceans, and represent an exemplar group to assess potential effects of climate change on coral reef fisheries. In experimental studies, P. leopardus appear to be extremely sensitive to increasing ocean temperature, exhibiting declines in survivorship, aerobic scope and activity with relatively moderate increases in temperature. As such, ongoing ocean warming may jeopardize the catchability of coral grouper and sustainability of reef-based fisheries, especially at low latitudes. Notably, a significant portion of wild stocks of P. leopardus are already exposed to temperatures (≥30 °C) that have been shown to compromise individual performance and body condition. While there are considerable knowledge gaps in predicting effects of global climate change on coral grouper, such as their capacity to avoid, acclimate or adapt to changes in local environmental conditions, current information suggests that there is cause for concern. As such, we take the formative steps to outline both ecological and socioeconomic adaptations that could reduce vulnerability of coral reef fisheries to climate impacts on stocks of coral grouper, using a linked socio-economic framework.
Abstract.
Coulthard S, Evans L, Turner R, Mills D, Foale S, Abernethy K, Hicks C, Monnereau I (2017). Exploring 'islandness' and the impacts of nature conservation through the lens of wellbeing.
Environmental Conservation,
44(3), 298-309.
Abstract:
Exploring 'islandness' and the impacts of nature conservation through the lens of wellbeing
Motivated by growing concern as to the many threats that islands face, subsequent calls for more extensive island nature conservation and recent discussion in the conservation literature about the potential for wellbeing as a useful approach to understanding how conservation affects people's lives, this paper reviews the literature in order to explore how islands and wellbeing relate and how conservation might impact that relationship. We apply a three-dimensional concept of social wellbeing to structure the discussion and illustrate the importance of understanding island-wellbeing interactions in the context of material, relational and subjective dimensions, using examples from the literature. We posit that islands and their shared characteristics of 'islandness' provide a useful setting in which to apply social wellbeing as a generalizable framework, which is particularly adept at illuminating the relevance of social relationships and subjective perceptions in island life - aspects that are often marginalized in more economically focused conservation impact assessments. The paper then explores in more depth the influences of island nature conservation on social wellbeing and sustainability outcomes using two case studies from the global north (UK islands) and global south (the Solomon Islands). We conclude that conservation approaches that engage with all three dimensions of wellbeing seem to be associated with success.
Abstract.
Kim MK, Evans L, Fidelman P, Scherl LM, Marsh H (2017). Structural factors influencing conservation decision-making: a case of species prioritisation in Australia.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT,
60(11), 1923-1943.
Author URL.
Evans LS, Cohen PJ, Case P, Hicks CC, Prideaux M, Mills DJ (2017). The Landscape of Leadership in Environmental Governance: a Case Study from Solomon Islands.
Human Ecology,
45(3), 357-365.
Abstract:
The Landscape of Leadership in Environmental Governance: a Case Study from Solomon Islands
Sustainability science suggests a core set of factors that foster significant change in governance, with leaders and entrepreneurs often identified as the main instigators. Discussions of leadership in governance transformations often focus on key charismatic people, underplaying contestation and the complex landscape of leadership. We present an empirical study that uses a participatory network mapping approach to provide a broader examination of leadership in integrated conservation and development. We use the Coral Triangle Initiative in Solomon Islands as an example of potential transformation in environmental governance across multiple objectives. Our analysis shows that actants, other than key individuals, enact leadership. We illustrate that a different suite of actants are providing leadership for each of the three Coral Triangle Initiative objectives. Actants can enact leadership by positively and negatively influencing different goals to varying extents. Our study illustrates the potential of broader and more nuanced understandings of leadership in environmental governance.
Abstract.
2016
Cinner JE, Pratchett MS, Graham NAJ, Messmer V, Fuentes MMPB, Ainsworth T, Ban N, Bay LK, Blythe J, Dissard D, et al (2016). A framework for understanding climate change impacts on coral reef social–ecological systems.
Regional Environmental Change,
16(4), 1133-1146.
Abstract:
A framework for understanding climate change impacts on coral reef social–ecological systems
Corals and coral-associated species are highly vulnerable to the emerging effects of global climate change. The widespread degradation of coral reefs, which will be accelerated by climate change, jeopardizes the goods and services that tropical nations derive from reef ecosystems. However, climate change impacts to reef social–ecological systems can also be bi-directional. For example, some climate impacts, such as storms and sea level rise, can directly impact societies, with repercussions for how they interact with the environment. This study identifies the multiple impact pathways within coral reef social–ecological systems arising from four key climatic drivers: increased sea surface temperature, severe tropical storms, sea level rise and ocean acidification. We develop a novel framework for investigating climate change impacts in social–ecological systems, which helps to highlight the diverse impacts that must be considered in order to develop a more complete understanding of the impacts of climate change, as well as developing appropriate management actions to mitigate climate change impacts on coral reef and people.
Abstract.
Eriksson H, Adhuri DS, Adrianto L, Andrew NL, Apriliani T, Daw T, Evans L, Garces L, Kamanyi E, Mwaipopo R, et al (2016). An ecosystem approach to small-scale fisheries through participatory diagnosis in four tropical countries.
Global Environmental Change,
36, 56-66.
Abstract:
An ecosystem approach to small-scale fisheries through participatory diagnosis in four tropical countries
Participatory diagnosis is an approach to identify, prioritize and mobilise around factors that constrain or enable effective governance and management in small-scale fisheries. Diagnostic frameworks are mostly designed and used for systematic scientific analysis or impact evaluation. Through participation they also have potential to guide contextually informed improvements to management in practice, including transitions to contemporary forms of governance like the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF)-the focus of our study. We document and critically reflect on participatory diagnosis processes and outcomes at sites in Indonesia, Philippines, Solomon Islands and Tanzania. These sites were part of an international project on the implementation of the EAF and differed widely in institutional and operational contexts. The Participatory Diagnosis and Adaptive Management framework and the "issue radar" diagnosis map were used to identify, evaluate and address factors associated with navigating management transitions towards the EAF. We found that many challenges and priority actions identified by participants were similar across the four study countries. Participants emphasized habitat restoration, particularly mangrove rehabilitation, and livelihood enhancement. The importance of strengthening governance entities, networks and processes (e.g. harmonization of policies, education and awareness of policies) was also a prominent outcome of the diagnosis. Site-specific factors were also explored together with the differing views among stakeholders. We conclude that diagnosis frameworks are indeed useful tools for guiding management transitions in fisheries, particularly where they enable flexibility in approaches to diagnosing problems and applying solutions to local contexts.
Abstract.
Kim MK, Evans L, Scherl LM, Marsh H (2016). Applying Governance Principles to Systematic Conservation Decision-Making in Queensland.
Environmental Policy and Governance,
26(6), 452-467.
Abstract:
Applying Governance Principles to Systematic Conservation Decision-Making in Queensland
The literature on the science-policy interface suggests that stakeholders' perceptions of environmental planning and decision-making processes can affect the uptake of conservation plans. Despite calls for more and better stakeholder engagement in conservation planning there is currently no empirical evidence on participants' perceptions of such processes. We asked participants of a conservation planning process and other key informants to evaluate their engagement experiences using normative governance principles (legitimacy, inclusiveness, fairness, accountability, integration, adaptability, transparency and capability). We analysed a large-scale case-study of species prioritization in Queensland, Australia. Conceptually, our systematic use of governance principles to interrogate perceptions of engagement showcased the utility of this analytical approach to uncover important issues influencing science-policy uptake. Empirically, we showed that there remains considerable debate about how a normative conservation planning process should be. Our data revealed different interpretations of species prioritization, ranging from a deliberative process to define priorities in biodiversity conservation, to a technical, expert-based process. Matters of ‘who’ was included affected stakeholders' perceptions of species prioritization. Perceived limitations of ‘how’ the process was conducted were also important, affected by the: (1) institutional culture of the Queensland Government; (2) lack of transparency; (3) limited flexibility to incorporate both emerging data and participants' suggestions in programme management; and (4) limited capability for implementation. These empirical data support existing evidence from studies in the broader field of collaborative planning. We draw from this literature to suggest how conservation planners can overcome the barriers to the uptake of prioritization priorities identified in or research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Abstract.
Frisch AJ, Cameron DS, Pratchett MS, Williamson DH, Williams AJ, Reynolds AD, Hoey AS, Rizzari JR, Evans L, Kerrigan B, et al (2016). Erratum to: Key aspects of the biology, fisheries and management of Coral grouper (Rev Fish Biol Fisheries, 10.1007/s11160-016-9427-0).
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,
26(3).
Abstract:
Erratum to: Key aspects of the biology, fisheries and management of Coral grouper (Rev Fish Biol Fisheries, 10.1007/s11160-016-9427-0)
In the original publication of the article, one of the coauthor's affiliation was wrongly published. The correct affiliation is provided here.
Abstract.
Frisch AJ, Cameron DS, Pratchett MS, Williamson DH, Williams AJ, Reynolds AD, Hoey AS, Rizzari JR, Evans L, Kerrigan B, et al (2016). Key aspects of the biology, fisheries and management of Coral grouper.
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,
26(3), 303-325.
Abstract:
Key aspects of the biology, fisheries and management of Coral grouper
Coral grouper (genus Plectropomus), or coral trout, are members of the grouper family (Epinephelidae) and are one of the largest and most conspicuous predatory fishes on Indo-Pacific coral reefs. They are highly-prized food fishes that are targeted by subsistence, artisanal, commercial and recreational fisheries throughout their geographic range. Plectropomus have broadly similar diets and habitat requirements to other tropical groupers, but typically have faster growth and higher natural mortality rates. Although these characteristics are expected to increase population turnover and reduce innate vulnerability to environmental and anthropogenic impacts relative to other groupers, many Plectropomus populations are in decline due to the combined effects of overfishing and habitat degradation. In many locations, stock depletion from uncontrolled fishing, particularly at spawning aggregation sites, has resulted in local fishery collapse. Therefore, improved management of wild populations is urgently required to ensure conservation and sustainable fisheries of Plectropomus. Where possible, a combination of no-take marine reserves, market-based management approaches, and allocation or resurrection of property rights systems are recommended to complement conventional fishery management actions that limit catch and effort. Additional investment in aquaculture propagation is also needed to reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks and support management initiatives. This global synthesis of information pertaining to the biology, fisheries and management of Plectropomus will assist in guiding future management actions that are attempting to address a range of stressors including fishing, reef habitat degradation, and the escalating effects of climate change.
Abstract.
Butler C, Walker-Springett K, Adger WN, Evans L, O'Neill S (2016). Social and Political Dynamics of Flood Risk, Recovery and Response.A Report of the Findings of the Winter Floods Project. Exeter, University of Exeter.
Evans LS, Hicks CC, Adger WN, Barnett J, Perry AL, Fidelman P, Tobin R (2016). Structural and Psycho-Social Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in the Great Barrier Reef Region.
PLoS One,
11(3).
Abstract:
Structural and Psycho-Social Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in the Great Barrier Reef Region.
Adaptation, as a strategy to respond to climate change, has limits: there are conditions under which adaptation strategies fail to alleviate impacts from climate change. Research has primarily focused on identifying absolute bio-physical limits. This paper contributes empirical insight to an emerging literature on the social limits to adaptation. Such limits arise from the ways in which societies perceive, experience and respond to climate change. Using qualitative data from multi-stakeholder workshops and key-informant interviews with representatives of the fisheries and tourism sectors of the Great Barrier Reef region, we identify psycho-social and structural limits associated with key adaptation strategies, and examine how these are perceived as more or less absolute across levels of organisation. We find that actors experience social limits to adaptation when: i) the effort of pursuing a strategy exceeds the benefits of desired adaptation outcomes; ii) the particular strategy does not address the actual source of vulnerability, and; iii) the benefits derived from adaptation are undermined by external factors. We also find that social limits are not necessarily more absolute at higher levels of organisation: respondents perceived considerable opportunities to address some psycho-social limits at the national-international interface, while they considered some social limits at the local and regional levels to be effectively absolute.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Cox M, Villamayor-Tomas S, Epstein G, Evans L, Ban NC, Fleischman F, Nenadovic M, Garcia-Lopez G (2016). Synthesizing theories of natural resource management and governance.
Global Environmental Change,
39, 45-56.
Abstract:
Synthesizing theories of natural resource management and governance
A variety of disciplines examine human-environment interactions, identifying factors that affect environmental outcomes important for human well-being. A central challenge for these disciplines is integrating an ever-increasing number of findings into a coherent body of theory. Without a repository for this theory, researchers cannot adequately leverage this knowledge to guide future empirical work. Comparability across field sites, study areas and scientific fields is hampered, as is the progress of sustainability science.To address this challenge we constructed the first repository of theoretical statements linking social and ecological variables to environmental outcomes. Stored in a relational database that is accessible via a website, this repository includes systematically formalized theories produced from researchers studying resilience, environmental conservation, common-pool resource governance, environmental and resource economics and political ecology. Theories are explicitly linked together in the database to form the first coherent expression of the types of human-environment interactions that affect outcomes for natural resources and, by extension, the people who use them.Analysis of this repository shows that a variety of types of theories exist, from the simple to the complex, and that theories tend to thematically cluster by scientific field, although the theories of every field were related in at least some way to theories from other fields. Thus there is much potential for increased interaction across these fields, hopefully with the help of resources such as this repository. The theories and variables employed to express their arguments are publicly viewable in a wiki-like format, as a resource for the scientific community.
Abstract.
Kiatkoski Kim M, Evans L, Scherl LM, Marsh H (2016). The User, not the Tool: Perceptions of Credibility and Relevance Affect the Uptake of Prioritisation.
Environ Manage,
57(4), 836-846.
Abstract:
The User, not the Tool: Perceptions of Credibility and Relevance Affect the Uptake of Prioritisation.
Prioritisation methods have been used in conservation planning for over 20 years. The scientific literature focuses on the technical aspects of prioritisation, providing limited information on factors affecting the uptake of priorities. We focused on the Back on Track species prioritisation program in Queensland, Australia, used to prioritise species conservation efforts across Queensland from 2005. The program had low uptake by intended users. Our study aimed to identify the perceived limitations in the technical-scientific quality of this species-based prioritisation process and its outcomes in terms of credibility (scientific adequacy of the technical evidence) and relevance (of information to the needs of decision-makers). These criteria have been used to understand the uptake of scientific information in policy. We interviewed 73 key informants. Perceptions of credibility were affected by concerns related to the use of expert judgement (rather than empirical evidence) to assess species, impressions that key experts were not included in the planning process, and the lack of confidence in the information supporting prioritisation. We identified several trade-offs and synergies between the credibility and relevance of priorities to potential users. The relevance of the output plans was negatively affected by the lack of clarity about who were potential users and implementers of the priorities identified. We conclude with recommendations to enhance the credibility and relevance of such initiatives.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Buchan P (2016). Understanding motivations for marine environmental citizenship in active citizens.
Abstract:
Understanding motivations for marine environmental citizenship in active citizens
Marine citizenship has been proposed as an untapped policy avenue for improving marine
environmental health. This inductive research investigated the values and motivations of
already active citizens, therefore not subject to general barriers to participation, in order to
uncover factors which influence choices about citizenship activities in an environmental
context. Using online questionnaire, a mixed methods approach was taken to survey members
of the voluntary network in Devon, England. Data were probed for related and influential
variables including demographics, proximity to the sea and environmental values such as belief
in climate change cause and attitude towards the sea as a resource. Attitudes were compared
between environmental and non-environmental citizenship causes, and broad citizenship,
political, and environmental values explored. Environmental citizenship was found to be
practised predominantly on a local scale. A potential role of place identity in creating bounds
to environmental citizenship is discussed. Despite moderately high awareness of marine
impacts sense of empowerment was exceptionally low, even in coastal residents, and
questions are raised about the relationship between awareness and empowerment to take
action and how these fit with contemporary knowledge deficit models. Further research
directions are proposed and the implications of this work discussed.
Abstract.
2015
Barnett J, Evans LS, Gross C, Kiem AS, Kingsford RT, Palutikof JP, Pickering CM, Smithers SG (2015). From barriers to limits to climate change adaptation: path dependency and the speed of change.
Ecology and Society: a journal of integrative science for resilience and sustainability,
20(3).
Abstract:
From barriers to limits to climate change adaptation: path dependency and the speed of change
Research on the barriers and limits to climate change adaptation identifies many factors, but describes few processes whereby adaptation is constrained or may indeed fail to avoid catastrophic losses. It often assumes that barriers are by and large distinct from limits to adaptation. We respond to recent calls for comparative studies that are able to further knowledge about the underlying drivers of barriers and limits to adaptation. We compare six cases from across Australia, including those in alpine areas, rivers, reefs, wetlands, small inland communities, and islands, with the aim of identifying common underlying drivers of barriers and limits to adaptation. We find that the path-dependent nature of the institutions that govern natural resources and public goods is a deep driver of barriers and limits to adaptation. Path-dependent institutions are resistant to change. When this resistance causes the changes necessary for adaptation to be slower than changes in climate, then it becomes a limit to adaptation.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Ban NC, Evans LS, Nenadovic M, Schoon M (2015). Interplay of multiple goods, ecosystem services, and property rights in large social-ecological marine protected areas.
Ecology and Society,
20(4).
Abstract:
Interplay of multiple goods, ecosystem services, and property rights in large social-ecological marine protected areas
Protected areas are a cornerstone of biodiversity conservation, and increasingly, conservation science is integrating ecological and social considerations in park management. Indeed, both social and ecological factors need to be considered to understand processes that lead to changes in environmental conditions. Here, we use a social-ecological systems lens to examine changes in governance through time in an extensive regional protected area network, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. We studied the peer- reviewed and nonpeer-reviewed literature to develop an understanding of governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and its management changes through time. In particular, we examined how interacting and changing property rights, as designated by the evolving marine protected area network and other institutional changes (e.g. fisheries management), defined multiple goods and ecosystem services and altered who could benefit from them. The rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in 2004 substantially altered the types and distribution of property rights and associated benefits from ecosystem goods and services. Initially, common- pool resources were enjoyed as common and private benefits at the expense of public goods (overexploited fisheries and reduced biodiversity and ecosystem health). The rezoning redefined the available goods and benefits and who could benefit, prioritizing public goods and benefits (i.e. biodiversity conservation), and inducing private costs (through reduced fishing). We also found that the original conceptualization of the step-wise progression of property rights from user to owner oversimplifies property rights based on its division into operational and collective-choice rule-making levels. Instead, we suggest that a diversity of available management tools implemented simultaneously can result in interactions that are seldom fully captured by the original conceptualization of the bundling of property rights. Understanding the complexities associated with overlapping property rights and multiple goods and ecosystem services, particularly within large-scale systems, can help elucidate the source and nature of some of the governance challenges that large protected areas are facing.
Abstract.
Evans L, Case P, Fabinyi M, Cohen PJ, Hicks CC, Prideaux M, Mills DJ (2015). Rethinking environmental leadership: the social construction of leaders and leadership in discourses of ecological crisis, development, and conservation.
LeadershipAbstract:
Rethinking environmental leadership: the social construction of leaders and leadership in discourses of ecological crisis, development, and conservation
Leadership is heralded as being critical to addressing the ‘‘crisis of governance’’ facing the Earth’s natural systems. While political, economic, and corporate discourses of leadership have been widely and critically interrogated, narratives of environmental leadership remain relatively neg- lected in the academic literature. The aims of this paper are twofold. First, to highlight the centrality and importance of environmental science’s construction and mobilization of leadership discourse. Second, to offer a critical analysis of environmental sciences’ deployment of leadership theory and constructs. The authors build on a review of leadership research in environmental science that reveals how leadership is conceptualized and analyzed in this field of study. It is argued that environmental leadership research reflects rather narrow framings of leadership. An analytical typology proposed by Keith Grint is employed to demonstrate how any singular framing of environmental leadership as person, position, process, result, or purpose is problematic and needs to be supplanted by a pluralistic view. The paper concludes by highlighting key areas for improve- ment in environmental leadership research, with emphasis on how a political ecology of envir- onmental crisis narratives contributes to a more critical body of research on leadership in environmental science.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Evans LS, Hicks CC, Cohen PJ, Case P, Prideaux M, Mills DJ (2015). Understanding leadership in the environmental sciences.
Ecology and Society,
20(1).
Abstract:
Understanding leadership in the environmental sciences
Leadership is often assumed, intuitively, to be an important driver of sustainable development. To understand how leadership is conceptualized and analyzed in the environmental sciences and to discover what this research says about leadership outcomes, we conducted a review of environmental leadership research over the last 10 years. We found that much of the environmental leadership literature focuses on a few key individuals and desirable leadership competencies. The literature also reports that leadership is one of the most important of a number of factors contributing to effective environmental governance. Only a subset of the literature highlights interacting sources of leadership, disaggregates leadership outcomes, or evaluates leadership processes in detail. We argue that the literature on environmental leadership is highly normative. Leadership is typically depicted as an unequivocal good, and its importance is often asserted rather than tested. We trace how leadership studies in the management sciences are evolving and argue that, taking into account the state of the art in environmental leadership research, more critical approaches to leadership research in environmental science can be developed.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2014
Fidelman P, Evans LS, Foale S, Weible C, von Heland F, Elgin D (2014). Coalition cohesion for regional marine governance: a stakeholder analysis of the Coral Triangle Initiative.
Ocean and Coastal Management,
95, 117-128.
Abstract:
Coalition cohesion for regional marine governance: a stakeholder analysis of the Coral Triangle Initiative
The Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) is a regional-scale effort involving numerous stakeholders aiming to address pressing coastal and marine problems that threaten the ecological, economic, and cultural identities of the Southeast Asia-Pacific Coral Triangle region. This paper draws on the Advocacy Coalition Framework to examine the main CTI stakeholders to better understand their efforts to design and implement marine management policies. It explores CTI stakeholders' policy beliefs and preferences, their patterns of collaboration and trust, their access to resources and level of influence, and their views on the overall performance of the CTI circa 2011. Data come primarily from a survey of 63 stakeholders. The findings suggest that the CTI is best viewed as a nascent, collaborative policy subsystem wherein there is strong support for the CTI objectives among stakeholders, convergence in policy beliefs and preferences, and instances of collaboration. However, some tensions are highlighted within the policy subsystem, which risk undermining the effectiveness and long-term sustainability of the Initiative. We argue that, as the CTI matures, it is important to maintain broad convergence in policy beliefs to prevent the formation of adversarial coalitions within the CTI, and/or to avoid unilateral prioritisation of powerful global interests to the detriment of national and local priorities. While political fortunes lie beyond prediction, these scenarios might be averted through the aid of a policy broker and through fostering established and new collaborative forums with institutional arrangements that promote trust and consensus. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Fleischman FD, Ban NC, Evans LS, Epstein G, Villamayor-Tomas S, Garcia-Lopez G (2014). Governing large-scale social-ecological systems: Lessons from five cases.
International Journal of the Commons,
8(2), 428-456.
Abstract:
Governing large-scale social-ecological systems: Lessons from five cases
This paper compares lessons drawn from five case studies of large scale governance of common-pool resources: management of forests in Indonesia, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, the Rhine River in western Europe, the Ozone layer (i.e. the Montreal Protocol), and the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (i.e. the International Convention on the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna). The goal is to assess the applicability of Ostrom’s design principles for sustainable resource governance to large scale systems, as well as to examine other important variables that may determine success in large scale systems. While we find support for some of Ostrom’s design principles (boundaries, monitoring, sanctions, fit to conditions, and conflict resolution mechanisms are all supported), other principles have only moderate to weak support. In particular, recognition of rights to organize and the accountability of monitors to resource users were not supported. We argue that these differences are the result of differences between small and large scale systems. At large scales, other kinds of political dynamics, including the role of scientists and civil society organizations, appear to play key roles. Other variables emphasized in common-pool resource studies, such as levels of dependence on resources, group size, heterogeneity, disturbances, and resource characteristics also receive mixed support, pointing to the need to reinterpret the meaning of common-pool resource theories in order for them to be applicable at larger scales.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Evans LS, Ban NC, Schoon M, Nenadovic M (2014). Keeping the ‘Great’ in the Great Barrier Reef: Large-scale governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.
International Journal of the Commons,
8(2), 396-427.
Abstract:
Keeping the ‘Great’ in the Great Barrier Reef: Large-scale governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
As part of an international collaboration to compare large-scale commons, we used the Social-Ecological Systems Meta-Analysis Database (SESMAD) to systematically map out attributes of and changes in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) in Australia. We focus on eight design principles from common-pool resource (CPR) theory and other key social-ecological systems governance variables, and explore to what extent they help explain the social and ecological outcomes of park management through time. Our analysis showed that commercial fisheries management and the re-zoning of the GBRMP in 2004 led to improvements in ecological condition of the reef, particularly fisheries. These boundary and rights changes were supported by effective monitoring, sanctioning and conflict resolution. Moderate biophysical connectivity was also important for improved outcomes. However, our analysis also highlighted that continued challenges to improved ecological health in terms of coral cover and biodiversity can be explained by fuzzy boundaries between land and sea, and the significance of external drivers to even large-scale social-ecological systems (SES). While ecological and institutional fit in the marine SES was high, this was not the case when considering the coastal SES. Nested governance arrangements become even more important at this larger scale. To our knowledge, our paper provides the first analysis linking the re-zoning of the GBRMP to CPR and SES theory. We discuss important challenges to coding large-scale systems for meta-analysis.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Fabinyi M, Evans L, Foale S (2014). Social-ecological systems, social diversity, and power: insights from anthropology and political ecology.
Ecology and Society,
19(4).
Abstract:
Social-ecological systems, social diversity, and power: insights from anthropology and political ecology
A social-ecological system (SES) framework increasingly underpins the “resilience paradigm.” As with all models, the SES comes with particular biases. We explore these key biases. We critically examine how the SES resilience literature has attempted to define and analyze the social arena. We argue that much SES literature defines people’s interests and livelihoods as concerned primarily with the environment, and thereby underplays the role of other motivations and social institutions. We also highlight the SES resilience literature’s focus on institutions and organized social units, which misses key aspects of social diversity and power. Our key premise is the importance of inter- and multi-disciplinary perspectives. To illustrate this, we draw attention to the critique of earlier ecological anthropology that remains relevant for current conceptualizations of SESs, focusing on the concepts of social diversity and power. and we discuss insights from social anthropology and political ecology that have responded to this critique to develop different ways of incorporating social diversity and power into human-environment relations. Finally, we discuss how these social science perspectives can help improve the understanding of the “social” in SES resilience research.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2013
Cvitanovic C, Wilson SK, Fulton CJ, Almany GR, Anderson P, Babcock RC, Ban NC, Beeden RJ, Beger M, Cinner J, et al (2013). Critical research needs for managing coral reef marine protected areas: Perspectives of academics and managers.
Journal of Environmental Management,
114, 84-91.
Abstract:
Critical research needs for managing coral reef marine protected areas: Perspectives of academics and managers
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a primary policy instrument for managing and protecting coral reefs. Successful MPAs ultimately depend on knowledge-based decision making, where scientific research is integrated into management actions. Fourteen coral reef MPA managers and sixteen academics from eleven research, state and federal government institutions each outlined at least five pertinent research needs for improving the management of MPAs situated in Australian coral reefs. From this list of 173 key questions, we asked members of each group to rank questions in order of urgency, redundancy and importance, which allowed us to explore the extent of perceptional mismatch and overlap among the two groups. Our results suggest the mismatch among MPA managers and academics is small, with no significant difference among the groups in terms of their respective research interests, or the type of questions they pose. However, managers prioritised spatial management and monitoring as research themes, whilst academics identified climate change, resilience, spatial management, fishing and connectivity as the most important topics. Ranking of the posed questions by the two groups was also similar, although managers were less confident about the achievability of the posed research questions and whether questions represented a knowledge gap. We conclude that improved collaboration and knowledge transfer among management and academic groups can be used to achieve similar objectives and enhance the knowledge-based management of MPAs. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Foale S, Adhuri D, Aliño P, Allison EH, Andrew N, Cohen P, Evans L, Fabinyi M, Fidelman P, Gregory C, et al (2013). Food security and the Coral Triangle Initiative.
Marine Policy,
38, 174-183.
Abstract:
Food security and the Coral Triangle Initiative
The Asia-Pacific's Coral Triangle is defined by its extremely high marine biodiversity. Over one hundred million people living in its coastal zones use this biodiversity to support their livelihoods. Hundreds of millions more derive nutritious food directly from the region's marine resources and through local, regional and global trade. Biodiversity and its values to society are threatened by demographic and habitat change, rising demand, intensive harvesting and climate change. In partnership with international conservation organisations and development funders, the governments of the region's six countries have come together to develop the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security. The CTI has explicit goals and defined targets for marine biodiversity conservation, but not for the food security of the region's marine-resource dependent people, despite this being the wider aim used to justify conservation action. This article suggests how the food security aim of the CTI could be made more explicit. It outlines the complex pathways linking marine biodiversity with food security and argues that improved social science analysis, inter-sectoral policy and management interactions are necessary if conserving marine biodiversity is to contribute towards meeting food security challenges in the region.
Abstract.
Evans LS, Hicks CC, Fidelman P, Tobin RC, Perry AL (2013). Future Scenarios as a Research Tool: Investigating Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Options and Outcomes for the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Human Ecology,
41(6), 841-857.
Abstract:
Future Scenarios as a Research Tool: Investigating Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Options and Outcomes for the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Climate change is a significant future driver of change in coastal social-ecological systems. Our knowledge of impacts, adaptation options, and possible outcomes for marine environments and coastal industries is expanding, but remains limited and uncertain. Alternative scenarios are a way to explore potential futures under a range of conditions. We developed four alternative future scenarios for the Great Barrier Reef and its fishing and tourism industries positing moderate and more extreme (2–3 °C above pre-industrial temperatures) warming for 2050 and contrasting ‘limited’ and ‘ideal’ ecological and social adaptation. We presented these scenarios to representatives of key stakeholder groups to assess the perceived viability of different social adaptation options to deliver desirable outcomes under varied contexts.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2012
Foale S, Adhuri D, Aliño P, Allison EH, Andrew N, Cohen P, Evans L, Fabinyi M, Fidelman P, Gregory C, et al (2012). Food security and the Coral Triangle Initiative. Marine Policy
Fidelman P, Evans L, Fabinyi M, Foale S, Cinner J, Rosen F (2012). Governing large-scale marine commons: Contextual challenges in the Coral Triangle.
Marine Policy,
36(1), 42-53.
Abstract:
Governing large-scale marine commons: Contextual challenges in the Coral Triangle
Environment and development agendas are increasingly being characterised by regional-scale initiatives. This trend is in part motivated by recognition of the need to account for global drivers of change (e.g. climate change, migration, and globalisation), the aspirations of achieving large-scale ecological goals (such as maintaining ecosystem processes), and reconciling potentially conflicting priorities in multi-use planning. However, regional-scale governance is challenging and there is little theoretical guidance or empirical evidence to suggest how it can be achieved. This paper uses the Institutional Analysis and Development framework to highlight the diverse contextual factors that challenge governance of a large-scale marine common, using an example of the Coral Triangle Initiative. The analysis points to the need for a critical, reflexive approach to the Coral Triangle Initiative if it is to effectively navigate diverse contexts and reconcile multiple objectives in the region. Recognising the heterogeneous, multi-scale and interlinked nature of large-scale marine systems is critical. Coping with contextual complexity will require innovative approaches that strive to be inclusive of varied perspectives and actors, enable and support effective collective-choice arrangements at lower levels of organisation, and organise and link diverse institutional arrangements at multiple scales. Large-scale marine governance will also involve a great deal of experimentation and regular adjustments to governance arrangements to account for the dynamic nature of regional commons. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
2011
Evans L, Cherrett N, Pemsl D (2011). Assessing the impact of fisheries co-management interventions in developing countries: a meta-analysis.
J Environ Manage,
92(8), 1938-1949.
Abstract:
Assessing the impact of fisheries co-management interventions in developing countries: a meta-analysis.
Co-management is now established as a mainstream approach to small-scale fisheries management across the developing world. A comprehensive review of 204 potential cases reveals a lack of impact assessments of fisheries co-management. This study reports on a meta-analysis of the impact of fisheries co-management in developing countries in 90 sites across 29 case-studies. The top five most frequently measured process indicators are participation, influence, rule compliance, control over resources, and conflict. The top five most frequently measured outcome indicators are access to resources, resource well-being, fishery yield, household well-being, and household income. To deal with the diversity of the 52 indicators measured and the different ways these data are collected and analysed, we apply a coding system to capture change over time. The results of the meta-analysis suggest that, overall fisheries co-management delivers benefits to end-users through improvements in key process and outcome indicators. However, the dataset as a whole is constituted primarily of data from the Philippines. When we exclude this body of work, few generalisations can be made about the impact of fisheries co-management. The lack of comparative data suitable for impact assessment and the difficulties in comparing data and generalising across countries and regions reiterates calls in other fields for more systematic approaches to understanding and evaluating governance frameworks.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Evans LS, Brown K, Allison EH (2011). Factors influencing adaptive marine governance in a developing country context: a case study of Southern Kenya.
Ecology and Society,
16(2).
Abstract:
Factors influencing adaptive marine governance in a developing country context: a case study of Southern Kenya
Adaptive governance can be conceptualized as distinct phases of: 1) understanding environmental change; 2) using this understanding to inform decision making; and 3) acting on decisions in a manner that sustains resilience of desirable system states. Using this analytical framework, we explore governance in practice in two case studies in Kenya, that reflect the "messiness" of contemporary coastal governance in many developing country contexts. Findings suggest that adaptive marine governance is unlikely to be a smooth process of learning, knowledge sharing, and responding. There are institutional, sociocultural, and political factors, past and present, that influence each phase of both local and state decision making. New local institutions related to fisher associations and Beach Management Units influence learning and knowledge sharing in ways contrary to those expected of institutions that enable collaborative fisheries management. Similarly, state decision making is relatively uninformed by the diverse knowledge systems available in the coastal zone, despite the rhetoric of participation. Historical relations and modes of working continue to play a significant role in mediating the potential for adaptive governance in the future. The case studies are illustrative and point to a number of institutional and political issues that would need to be addressed in processes of governance reform towards more adaptive management in developing country contexts. © 2011 by the author(s).
Abstract.
2010
Evans LS (2010). Ecological knowledge interactions in marine governance in Kenya.
Ocean and Coastal Management,
53(4), 180-191.
Abstract:
Ecological knowledge interactions in marine governance in Kenya
Proponents of integrated, collaborative, and adaptive governance advocate the inclusion of a diversity of stakeholders and their knowledge and values in governance processes. This paper examines knowledge interactions at different scales of decision-making within two marine social-ecological systems in southern Kenya. Ecological knowledge systems are shown to be diverse and fluid even within broad conceptual classifications. Knowledge interactions at the local level are mediated by socio-cultural, institutional, and historical factors, whilst knowledge integration within district to national levels is primarily structured by institutional factors linked to centralised decision-making. In policy arenas, knowledge bounded to the marine environment is subjugated by knowledge dealing with terrestrial parks, inland fisheries, and wildlife tourism. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
2009
Evans LS (2009). Understanding divergent perspectives in marine governance in Kenya.
Marine Policy,
33(5), 784-793.
Abstract:
Understanding divergent perspectives in marine governance in Kenya
To understand the subtle institutional conditions that underlie marine governance, beyond broad conceptualisations of property rights or pre-defined institutional designs, it is necessary to situate governance structures and human interactions within their historical and current social and political context. A two-tiered stakeholder analysis was developed to facilitate this. This analytical tool illuminates divergent perspectives between actors in two marine social-ecological systems in Southern Kenya. Investigating these differences emphasises the variety of historical contexts, social geographies, and current power relations in which different groups are situated. These historical and contextual factors mediate how groups perceive and respond to governance. They, therefore, have important implications for how institutions function. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
